Radiata pine
Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) is a very fast-growing Pinus that prefers sandy clay loam – fertile clay loam soils and 650 mm or more of annual rainfall. It is a mainstream plantation species with a high dry-site tolerance and is adaptable to a wide range of sites.
Table 1: General characteristics for radiata pine
Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
Botanical name | Pinus radiata |
Growth rate in preferred conditions | Very fast |
Estimated rotation length (yr) in preferred conditions to produce 60cm diameter at breast height | 25–35. 2 to 3 thinnings starting at age 14 |
Preferred annual rainfall (mm/yr) | 650+ |
Minimum rainfall (mm/yr) | 550 |
Preferred elevation (m) ASL | 0–1000 |
Preferred landscape position | Slope |
Preferred Soil | Sandy clay loam – fertile clay loam |
Prohibitive soil | Wet, heavy clay |
Poor drainage tolerance | Low–moderate |
Dry site tolerance | High |
Frost tolerance | High |
Pest and disease problems: trees planted on unsuitable sites are more prone to insect and disease issues | Dothistroma needle blight (in cool moist areas), Diplodia canker, Sirex wasp, Monterey pine aphid, five spined bark beetle |
Table 2: Timber characteristics for radiata pine
Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
Strength: seasoned timber only | SD6: reasonably low |
Durability: in ground | above ground | 4 | 4 |
Drying: green to 12% moisture content | Easy to dry, except for twist-prone core. Usually kiln dried direct from green. Shrinkage about 3% radial and 4.5% tangential. |
Main commercial products | Preservative-treated timber, building framing, structural beams, furniture (interior applications), pulp and paper. The major general-purpose timber in Australia. Christmas trees. |
Bushfire resistance: measured by bushfire attack level (BAL) | BAL 12.5 and 19 – all AS3959 required applications |
Least attractive features | Exotic, weedy |
Most attractive features | Marketability. Availability of infrastructure and technical support. Adaptability to a wide range of sites. Shades out problem weeds. Resistant to lyctid borer. |
Status as a plantation species | Mainstream |
Note: Timber characteristics and durability are based on Australian Standard: Timber Natural durability ratings (AS 5604–2005). Refer to the Appendix for an explanatory table. Where (?) applied, rating is based on field experience.
Note: Bushfire resistance measurement is based on naturally bushfire resisting timbers, which are those with inherent bushfire-resisting properties. For more information refer to Australian Standard 3959:2018.
Assumptions and notes
- Sites considered for planting contain at least one metre of soil above an impeding layer (e.g., bedrock or layer impenetrable to roots).
- Please note that most (if not all) eucalypts in Gippsland grow best on sheltered sites.
- Overall slow drying time across air and kiln-dried schedules is recommended to minimise drying degrade. This is the best starting point for inexperienced operators.
References
Beadle CL and Brown AG (eds) 2007. Acacia utilisation and management: adding value. RIRDC Publication No. 07/095, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
Boland DJ et. al (1992). Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Australia.
Bootle KR (1983). Wood in Australia – Types, properties and uses. McGraw Hill, Australia
Carnegie AJ (2002). Field guide to common pests and diseases in eucalypt plantations in NSW. Research and Development Division of State Forests, NSW.
Clarke B, McLeod I and Vercoe T (eds) 2009. Trees for farm forestry: 22 promising species. RIRDC Publication No. 09/015. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
Mortimer J (2003). A selection of alternative timbers. Taitua Books, NZ.
National Association of Forest Industries (2004). Timber species and properties, revised edition. Timber Manual Datafile P1
Nicholas ID, Gifford HH and Kimberely MO (1997). Siting black walnut. FRI Bulletin no. 188
Phillips C (1996). Insects, diseases and deficiencies associated with eucalypts in South Australia. Primary Industries SA Forests.
Poole B, Waugh G and Yang JL (2017). Potential for growing and processing durable eucalypts in New Zealand. Publication No. SWP-T036. Solid Wood Innovation. Specialty Wood Products Research Partnership.
Reid R (2017). Heartwood. The art and science of growing trees for conservation and profit. Melbourne Books.
Tepper CJ (2002). Plantation eucalypt species for solid wood products – a profile of Eucalyptus muelleriana. Gottstein Fellowship Report for the Gottstein Memorial Trust
Tepper CJ (2008). Site Matching and Establishing Eucalypt Sawlog Species in Southern Australia. In Beadle CL and Brown AG (eds) 2008. Plantation eucalypts for high value timber. RIRDC Publication No. 08/113, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.