Cutting failed crops for hay or silage

Crops that fail due to frost, moisture stress or other limiting factors may be cut for silage or hay as an economically viable option. The following key points should be considered as part of your decision-making process.

Often moisture-stressed crops have insufficient dry matter before flowering to cut for hay. Making a timely decision to cut hay can prevent poor quality hay.

Cereal growth stages

• The optimal balance between yield and quality comes when cutting a cereal crop at the boot stage
• Feed quality declines after plants become reproductive and produce more head and stem material, which is less digestible. Metabolisable energy (ME) and protein generally decline after flowering
• The quantity of feed increases until early grain fill.
• Cereals tend to produce higher hay yields than canola, particularly after flowering.

Canola growth stages

• The optimal balance between yield and quality comes when cutting canola at late flowering
• Metabolisable energy (ME) and protein generally decline after flowering, although ME can rise slightly in canola after flowering
• Canola can lose leaf and pod material faster than cereals. It does not retain leaves as well as cereals later in the season.
• While canola can produce higher quality feed than cereals, it produces lower hay yield after flowering.

Soil moisture levels

• Determine soil moisture levels via tools and soil moisture models. These include soil probe data, SoilWater App, Agriculture Victoria’s soil moisture dashboard and cropping reports.
  Alternatively, soil sample to identify plant available water and estimate grain yield potential in line with short term weather forecasts. This will allow you to compare likely gross margins from hay or grain and help you decide if it is feasible to cut a grain crop for hay
• If you need additional support in making the decision, consult with your agronomist or a suitably qualified person.

Check for withholding periods and approval for use

• Before cutting or grazing a failed crop, check chemical labels to ensure any applicable withholding periods have expired
• Ensure the crop has not been sprayed with a chemical carrying a label warning or prohibitive statement that treated crops are not to be grazed or fed to livestock
• Record information and be prepared for requests or declarations about chemical history to prospective buyers.

Grazing instead of cutting

If you have livestock, it is more cost effective to directly graze the crop in a targeted and planned way, rather than cut it for hay. Refer to the Drought Feeding Guides for Sheep and Cattle for nutritional requirements and further information.

Soil protection

• The risk of soil loss from erosion increases when ground cover falls below 50 per cent. Grazing can also increase the risk of erosion
• If more than 50 per cent of the paddock has ground cover, ensure at least one-third of the crop or stubble stays anchored to stabilise the topsoil.

Estimating hay yield

• Ideally, hay crops need at least 2.5 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) of dry matter (DM) to avoid excessive hay harvest losses. This is the measurement for dry matter at ground level, not cutting height
• The less dry matter, the more hay is lost during baling. For example, a NSW study showed 45 per cent of canola hay was lost during harvest at 1.5 t/ha of DM but this dropped to 19 per cent lost at 3.5 t/ha of DM. Hay baling losses will also vary with machinery and experience
• If a crop is unsuitable for baling, it can still provide a high-quality grazing opportunity, as livestock will selectively graze the high-quality parts of the plant
• A simple hay yield calculator can be found on the Agriculture Victoria website and can be used to compare potential hay yield with grain yield.

Marketing opportunities

• Research the markets and end-users
• If selling the hay, you may be asked to supply feed test results and vendor declarations. A Fodder Vendor Declaration can be found on the Australian Fodder Industry Association website
• Livestock producers may request a Commodity Vendor Declaration (CVD) to guarantee that the feed is safe from chemical contamination. These are found on the Meat and Livestock Australia website
• To ensure you observe farm biosecurity requirements when buying or selling feed, see the Farm Biosecurity website.

Engaging with contractors

• Communicate with a contractor before deciding to cut a crop for hay.
• Secure a contractor after careful consideration of the contract and contracting rates.
• Ensure you have chosen a reliable contractor who will be available to complete the hay making operations in a timely manner.
• Establish a timeline for baling and determine a cutting date from that.
• Hay should be tested for moisture content upon baling to ensure it is below 22 per cent. Contractors should be checking the moisture levels of bales in paddocks throughout baling period - through day or night due to changes in moisture levels
• . High moisture levels in hay pose a significant fire hazard. Be aware that appropriate curing is critical for quality and to reduce the risk of combustion. The Country Fire Authority has recommendations to prevent hay stack fires
• Test cereal heads for moisture before baling, as heads can have higher moisture content than other parts of the plant. For further information refer to Australian Fodder Industry Association resources.

Acknowledgements

Felicity Pritchard Neil Harrison and Dale Boyd, Agriculture Victoria; Heather Drendel, formerly Agriculture Victoria; Damian Jones, Irrigated Cropping Council; Nigel Phillips, NSW DPI.

Further resources

To estimate hay yield, refer to the factsheet on the Feed Central website.